Nine out of ten people around the world breathe air that does not meet the World Health Organization’s (WHO) quality standards, and air pollution claims the lives of 7 million people each year.
In a recent episode of the WHO’s Science in 5 program, Dr. Maria Neira, Director of Public Health, Environment and Social Determinants of Health at WHO, highlighted the severe impact air pollution has on children’s brain development, and how it deprives them of opportunities to learn, grow, and thrive.
Alarming Numbers
When asked by host Vismita Gupta-Smith about the invisible dangers of air pollution and its effects on the brain, Dr. Neira emphasized that air pollution is the single largest environmental health risk.
“Every year, 7 million deaths are caused by exposure to polluted air. That’s a staggering number. Additionally, nine out of ten people worldwide are breathing air that falls short of WHO’s quality guidelines,” she said.
She explained that tiny particles in polluted air can penetrate deep into the lungs and even reach the brain, affecting the entire body. This can lead to conditions such as stroke, cardiovascular disease, asthma, and even lung cancer.
Risks to Fetuses and Children
Dr. Neira also explained the specific risks pollution poses to pregnant women and children. When a pregnant woman is exposed to high levels of air pollution, it can result in low birth weight, preterm delivery, or impaired fetal development.
Babies born under such conditions may face ongoing challenges, including a higher risk of developing asthma or other chronic health conditions later in life.
Children are especially vulnerable, she explained, because their bodies and lungs are still developing, and they breathe faster than adults, meaning they inhale more air relative to their size. Children also spend more time outdoors and cannot control their exposure, which increases their risk even further.
Policy and Government Action Needed
While some individual precautions can be taken—such as avoiding high-traffic areas, limiting outdoor activity in polluted zones, or using cleaner fuels for cooking—Dr. Neira stressed that real change requires legislation and government action.
Success Stories
Dr. Neira highlighted examples of successful action around the world:
The European Union recently adopted an air quality directive fully aligned with WHO recommendations. This is expected to offer significant health protections across Europe.
China has managed to cut pollution levels while maintaining strong economic growth.
In Paris, the city’s mayor reduced air pollution by 50% over the past 20 years by implementing traffic regulations, expanding green spaces, and creating more pedestrian and cycling infrastructure.
London has seen reductions in air pollution and related respiratory illnesses after establishing ultra-low emission zones.
In Bogotá, Colombia, the government is rolling out a fleet of 100% electric buses as part of its clean transportation strategy.
These examples show that with the right policies and political will, air pollution can be dramatically reduced, leading to significant improvements in public health.
